https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/ Journal of Interdisciplinary Qur'anic Studies en daily 1 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 21 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107215.html The stemming of Arabic words is a crucial step in several text processing tasks, including text mining, information retrieval, and natural language processing. Arabic stemmers face many challenges, mainly due to the complex nature of Arabic words and their different writing styles. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel approach integrated into a Python module for improving conventional Arabic stemming. The proposed approach employs neural network architectures to achieve high accuracy in Arabic text stemming. We utilize a Bi-LSTM architecture to extract Arabic stems and construct sequence-to-sequence stemming models. The proposed model is named Char Stemmer. To evaluate this model, we use a benchmark dataset of Qur’anic words and classical Arabic texts. Extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate the model, including comparisons with several well-established Arabic stemmers, namely Khoja, Light-10, P-Stemmer, Tashaphyne, and Al-Khalil. The experimental results show that the proposed model achieves a stem accuracy of 93.88%, substantially outperforming conventional rule-based and light stemming methods. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of deep learning sequence models for Arabic stemming and highlight the potential of character-level models for capturing complex morphological structures. The proposed model is generalizable, scales well, and can serve as a domain-independent solution for a wide range of Arabic NLP applications. Furthermore, the model can be directly integrated into Arabic information systems for tasks such as automated text normalization, intelligent search, and knowledge extraction in applied computing environments. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107184.html The article examines contrasting perspectives on the Qur’an in the First Polish Republic (1569–1795), where Muslim Tatars coexisted with predominantly Christian populations. A comparative textological method was employed in the analysis. It explores two approaches: the apologetic tefsir, a Polish Qur’an translation from the late 16th to early 17th century, and a 17th-century polemical treatise, The Life of Muhammad and Description of the Qur’an by Michel Baudier, translated into Polish by an anonymous nobleman. While the tefsir aimed to preserve Tatar Islamic identity using local languages and Islamic exegetical sources, Baudier’s treatise criticized the Qur’an as false and deceptive. This study highlights different approaches to the interpretation of the Qur’an, shaped by social and religious contexts as well as the cultural background of the European Reformation and Counter-Reformation. Our findings indicate that the Reformation period fostered a climate of multiculturalism, allowing the Polish Tatars to translate the Qur’an for their fellow Muslims without significant obstacles. In contrast, the Counter-Reformation era, marked by the growing influence of the Ottoman Empire in contemporary Europe, triggered apologetic reactions among local Catholics, who subjected the Qur’an to severe and unjust criticism. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107214.html Qur’anic verses describing mountains in relation to the prevention of mayd (instability or oscillation) have generated ongoing discussion concerning their possible relationship to contemporary geodynamic models. While some modern interpretations have associated these verses with geological processes, questions remain regarding how such readings may be understood within the distinct methodological and epistemological frameworks of Qur’anic discourse and Earth science. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the study analyzes the semantic domain of rawāsī and mayd in classical exegesis and compares them with insights from contemporary geodynamics. The analysis suggests that the negation of mayd is best understood as referring to the mitigation of persistent instability rather than the absence of motion. Geological evidence suggests that orogeny, through increases in lithospheric gravitational potential energy, crustal thickening, and enhanced mechanical strength, may act as a long-term feedback mechanism that contributes to local or temporal reductions in convergence rates over multi-million-year timescales. Early Earth geodynamic models further suggest that, prior to the emergence of stable collisional mountain belts, tectonic deformation was more vertically dominated and spatially heterogeneous. Within a comparative framework, the concept of rawāsī may be understood as resonating conceptually with the moderating role of collisional mountain systems within tectonic dynamics. Accordingly, the verses emphasize the moderation of instability rather than the cessation of motion, a perspective that may be considered broadly compatible with modern geodynamic insights, in an analogical sense. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107247.html Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) represents an evolutionary trajectory in linguistic studies. This approach goes beyond the mere description of linguistic data to prioritize the ideological processes, situational contexts, and intertextual relations that shape discourse. Accordingly, the present study employs Norman Fairclough’s CDA framework to examine the Qur’anic verses revealed regarding the virtues of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib. The main objective of this research is to uncover the hidden power relations and ideological foundations of the discourse of Imāmah. This is achieved through a systematic analysis at the three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. The findings indicate that at the level of description, the virtues of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib are concretely represented and foregrounded through rhetorical devices, such as antithesis, parallelism, contrast, rhyme, and allusion, as well as symbolic loci like Ghadīr and the Mosque. At the level of interpretation, the intertextual network of the examined verses forms a coherent discourse of Wilāyah, self-sacrifice, truthfulness, and divinely endowed knowledge. Furthermore, at the level of explanation, the Imāmah discourse attains hegemony over competing discourses through six ideological components: divine legitimacy, infallibility, completion of religion, absolute obedience, moral superiority, and divinely bestowed knowledge. Ultimately, the combination of textual and metatextual elements demonstrates that the discourse of Imāmah is a revelatory, integrated, and hegemonic discourse. It is formed in structural opposition to rival discourses such as tribalism, hypocrisy, and those of the People of the Book. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107255.html The present study aims to design an appropriate methodological framework for research in Qur’an-based psychology. Its central problem is the absence of a coherent and operational model for extracting psychological propositions from the text of revelation. Most existing studies have either attempted to align Western psychological concepts with Qur’anic verses or lacked an internal logic for textual understanding. To address this challenge, the research is organized around hermeneutical analysis and a text-centered approach. It begins with a critical examination of two prevalent methods, namely, the comparative approach and structural semantic analysis. Subsequently, by integrating the logic of revelation with the principles of Islamic jurisprudential reasoning, the study formulates the principles and stages of a new methodological framework called the Shākilah-oriented explanatory model, which is developed through theoretical analysis and analytical comparison. The findings indicate that the Shākilah-oriented model has the capacity to elevate Qur’anic understanding from the level of interpretation to the level of scientific theory construction. The method is grounded in the analysis of the triadic structure of the speaker, text, and interpreter, and consists of four stages: problem identification, causal analysis, solution analysis, and shākilah structuring. Within this framework, meaning is determined by divine intent and the internal context of the text rather than by external scientific presuppositions. As a result, the psychological propositions of the Qur’an are reconstructed in the form of guidance-oriented laws and the inner structures of the human self, enabling their transformation into scientific models of human behavior and psychological development. Accordingly, this study provides a foundational basis for the production of religious knowledge in psychology and paves the way for future empirical studies grounded in the Qur’an. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107105.html The Holy Qur’an mentions in several verses the tasbīḥ (glorification) of all celestial and terrestrial beings and of all objects. These verses have become the subject of considerable debate among exegetes and a focal point of divergent interpretations. Generally, exegetes have adopted two primary approaches toward the concept of the universal tasbīḥ of objects. One group considers tasbīḥ to be in the “language of disposition,” viewing disbelievers as being deprived of perceiving it. Another group understands tasbīḥ to be in the “language of speech” from a metaphysical perspective, asserting that the general public is deprived of witnessing it. Furthermore, some thinkers have attempted a scientific interpretation of the verse, seeking a scientific instance for the concept of universal tasbīḥ. While critiquing previously proposed scientific instances, this paper examines the proposed claim of the correspondence between the emission of electromagnetic waves by objects and the material dimension of the universal tasbīḥ of beings as a physical instance of the tasbīḥ of all objects. According to this claim, since these waves are emitted from all material phenomena and creatures in all states, the tasbīḥ of beings is in the “language of speech.” Its physical and material manifestation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all objects, which non-experts cannot perceive. This interpretation can also be compatible with the metaphysical tasbīḥ of objects in the language of speech, in the sense that its material manifestation consists of the electromagnetic waves emitted from all material objects. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107253.html This study examines conditional sentences in the Qur’an through the lens of speech act theory, offering a novel interdisciplinary approach that integrates classical Islamic insights with contemporary philosophy of language. Moving beyond traditional logical or grammatical analyses, the paper demonstrates that Qur’anic conditionals function not merely as descriptive propositions but as performative acts with diverse illocutionary forces. Drawing on a detailed typology, the study classifies conditionals as assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, or hybrid, illustrating how a single sentence may simultaneously convey theological truths, moral exhortation, divine commitment, and evaluative judgment. Case studies of key verses show that the force of these conditionals persists independently of the fulfillment of their antecedents, highlighting the inadequacy of purely truth-conditional accounts. The paper contributes conceptually, theoretically, and methodologically by reconceptualizing Qur’anic conditionality as conditional speech acts, bridging contemporary philosophical theory with classical Islamic distinctions between informative (khabar) and performative (inshāʾ) discourse. The findings have implications for Qur’anic linguistics, philosophy of language, and the study of divine communication across religious traditions. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107254.html Alcoholic beverages are among the most widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide. In recent years, alcohol consumption and the growing tendency toward its use have become a significant social concern in many societies, including Iran. Moreover, the age of first alcohol use has declined across different segments of the population, particularly among young adults. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an educational program based on Islamic teachings in reducing alcohol use tendency among young adults aged 18–40 in Rafsanjan County. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group. Data were collected using the Alcohol Consumption Tendency Questionnaire developed by Sheikh (2014). The statistical population consisted of all alcohol users aged 18–40 in Rafsanjan County during the 2024–2025 period. A sample of 30 participants was selected through snowball sampling and then randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. Both groups completed the pretest. The experimental group participated in six weekly educational sessions, each lasting two hours, based on Islamic teachings, whereas the control group received no intervention. At the conclusion of the intervention, both groups completed the posttest. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The findings indicated that the educational program based on Islamic teachings was effective in reducing young adults' tendency toward alcohol consumption. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107256.html Within Islamic theology and Qur'anic exegesis, the levels of sensory, rational, and cardiac (heart-based) cognition have generally been examined independently of one another. As the foundations upon which individual and collective attitudes and decisions are formed, these levels exert a direct influence on political and economic orientations. Nevertheless, Western theories of civilization have largely concentrated on structural factors and have devoted comparatively little attention to the role of levels of cognition in the dynamics of civilization. The absence of a model that explains these levels within a teleological and civilizational framework has created a significant gap in the existing literature. This study seeks to propose a Ṣadrian hermeneutical model that integrates Qur'anic epistemology with the principles of Mullā Ṣadrā's al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah, thereby reinterpreting the progression from sensory cognition to rational understanding and ultimately to cardiac intuition (ʿilm al-ḥuḍūrī, presential knowledge) in relation to civilizational development. By a Ṣadrian hermeneutical model, the study refers to an interpretive framework grounded in al-Ḥikmah al-Mutaʿāliyah that explains the understanding of the Qur'anic text in relation to the existential and cognitive levels of the human being. This model necessarily entails epistemological, anthropological, and cultural–civilizational implications, and the present study develops the model through an examination of these implications. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical method, while the analytical section employs a qualitative comparative approach to selected Qur'anic verses based on Mullā Ṣadrā's doctrines of substantial motion (al-ḥarakah al-jawhariyyah), the gradation of Being (tashkīk al-wujūd), and the unity of the intellect and the intelligible (ittiḥād al-ʿāqil wa al-maʿqūl). The findings are compared with classical Qur'anic commentaries—particularly al-Mīzān by ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb (al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr) by Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī—as well as with major Western theories of civilization, including those of Spengler, Huntington, and Klein. The Qur'anic–Ṣadrian model regards sensory cognition as the indispensable yet inherently limited point of departure; it presents rational cognition as a bridge leading to metaphysical intuition; and it identifies cardiac knowledge as the highest stage of epistemic maturity and the means through which individual spiritual refinement is linked to collective civilizational flourishing. By grounding the integration of the sciences in the unity and gradation of being and in a teleological worldview, this framework offers an alternative to exclusively empiricist, rationalist, or utilitarian approaches. It demonstrates that the elevation of human cognition constitutes a driving force for civilizational advancement within the Qur'anic horizon. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107258.html The primary objective of this study is to conduct a meta-synthesis of previous research on the cognitive function and ontological nature of the heart (qalb) in the Holy Qur'an. Meta-synthesis is a qualitative research methodology employed to integrate, interpret, and critically analyze findings from qualitative studies. The corpus of this research comprises 24 peer-reviewed articles, published in Persian and English between 2009 and 2024, that examine the concept of the heart from Islamic and Qur'anic perspectives. The study addresses the following research questions: (1) How have previous qualitative studies conceptualized the notion of the heart in the Qur'an? (2) What analytical commonalities can be identified across these studies? (3) What new directions do recent findings suggest for future research? The findings indicate that 72% of the reviewed studies interpret the Qur'anic concept of the heart as referring to a spiritual, non-physical reality, whereas 28% associate it with the physical dimension of the human body. Within the latter group, 4% identify the Qur'anic heart with the third ventricle of the brain, while 24% interpret it as referring to the pineal organ located in the chest. Furthermore, the reviewed literature addresses a broad range of themes, including the relationship of the heart to the self (nafs), the brain, the pineal heart, the chest (ṣadr), and other related concepts. Additional areas of investigation include the health of the heart, its general cognitive and spiritual functions, and the concept of the heart within Islamic mystical thought. Methodologically, these studies adopt Qur'anic approaches in conjunction with exegetical, philosophical-mystical, linguistic-semantic, and medical perspectives. Overall, the findings suggest that the existing literature illuminates only part of the Qur'anic conception of the heart. Advancing research in this field requires more rigorous interdisciplinary investigations that integrate scientific and religious interpretations of the heart and further explore its role in neural and psychological processes. Drawing upon the synthesized findings, this study proposes that the Qur'anic concept of the heart may be understood as a central integrative core surrounded by interconnected physical, psychological, and spiritual layers, each exerting reciprocal influence upon the others. https://iqs.sbu.ac.ir/article_107277.html The concept of maʿrūf is one of the fundamental principles of the Qur'an for regulating social relations and organizing the reciprocal rights and obligations of individuals. Despite its extensive use in Qur'anic verses concerning social, familial, and legal matters, scholars have proposed differing interpretations regarding its essential nature and its relationship with rational custom (ʿurf al-ʿuqalāʾ). The primary objective of this study is to clarify the nature of maʿrūf in the Qur'an's social verses and to examine the role of rational custom in shaping and identifying its practical manifestations. The research adopts a historical-exegetical approach combined with a custom-oriented linguistic analysis. Within this framework, the occurrences of the term maʿrūf across different Qur'anic contexts are identified and analyzed, and their semantic implications are examined through historical evidence, lexical data, and the socio-cultural context of the Qur'an's revelation. Furthermore, the relationship between maʿrūf and rational custom is explored through a comparative analysis of the historical context of pre-Islamic Arabia and the early Islamic community. The findings indicate that, in its social applications, maʿrūf generally refers to norms that were recognized and accepted within the rational customs of human societies. Divine revelation affirmed, refined, or supplemented these norms in accordance with overarching principles such as justice, human dignity, benevolence, and the rejection of oppression. The analysis further demonstrates that the Qur'an employs two principal approaches in its engagement with prevailing social customs: first, reforming acceptable customs by delimiting, qualifying, and reorienting them toward ethical values; and second, rejecting outright those customs that are incompatible with human dignity and the higher objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah). The study concludes that while the Qur'an acknowledges the regulatory function of rational custom in governing social relations, it conditions the ultimate validity of social norms upon their conformity with the moral standards established by divine revelation. Accordingly, maʿrūf may be understood as a mediating concept between rational custom and revealed guidance, facilitating the realization of social justice and the establishment of a sound legal order. Finally, the article proposes a conceptual framework for reexamining contemporary Islamic jurisprudence in addressing emerging social customs.